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Makkot 24a:
בא חבקוק והעמידן על אחת שנאמר (חבקוק ב, ד) וצדיק באמונתו יחיה
Habakuk came and established [the 613 mitzvot] on one, as it says (Habakuk 2:4), “And a righteous one will live with his faith.”
In no unclear terms, the prophet explicitly states that the Mitzvah of faith, Emunah, is the most fundamental. This Mitzvah is rooted in the first of the Aseres HaDibros, “I am Hashem your G-d” (cf. Sefer Hamitzvot, Asei §1).
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I found who says that jealousy is the most important of the Asseres Hadibros. Its the Sefer אבקת רוכל by רב מכיר בן יצחק, שר חסד right in the beginning of ספר ראשון.
והשמיעם עשר דברות חתם בדיבור לא תחמוד שכולם תלויים בו לרמוז כי כל המקיים מצוה זו כאילו קיים כל התורה כולה וכל העובר עליה כאילו עובר על כל התורה כולה.
Hashem taught them the Asseres Hadibros, and sealed them with "don't covet" because all of the 10 commandments are reliant upon this one and anyone who keeps it is as if they kept the whole Torah and anyone who violates it is as if they violated the whole Torah.
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